How to Differentiate Between Methanol & Ethanol

How to Differentiate Between Methanol & Ethanol

Iodine and sodium hydroxide help differentiate between methanol and ethanol. But experimenting with these substances requires care, because both methanol and ethanol are hazardous. Ethanol is highly flammable, and methanol is both flammable and toxic; always wear safety goggles and gloves when experimenting with them. Only a few drops of each liquid are needed to conduct an experiment. Work slowly and carefully. Use a separate eyedropper, or pipette attachment, to move each liquid from the storage container to a test tube


Instructions

        1

        Wear safety goggles and snug-fitting gloves to prevent accidents when working with delicate instruments.
        2

        Place the clean test tubes in a test-tube holder to prevent spills. If you are working with a partner, you may hold the test tubes in your non-dominant hand, but this is not as safe.



 3

Use the eyedropper to extract a small sample of ethanol from the container. Do this in an empty sink to prevent spills.
4

Add 10 drops of ethanol directly to a test tube. Clean the eyedropper and place it on a towel; do not put it back in the ethanol. Reseal the ethanol container and remove it from the sink.
5

Place the methanol container in the sink and use the methanol eyedropper to add 10 drops of the liquid to the other test tube. Rinse the methanol eyedropper and set it aside, separate from the ethanol eyedropper.
6

Add 25 drops of Iodine to each test tube.
7

Add 10 drops of sodium hydroxide to each test tube. Clean the eyedroppers the same way you did for the other substances.
8

Swirl each test tube gently until the substances mix together.
9

Wait for two minutes, then observe the changes in the test tubes. Ethanol will retain a yellowish color and have a strong antiseptic-like smell, while methanol will become clear again.




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How to Use a Hydrometer for Testing Wine

How to Use a Hydrometer for Testing Wine

From homemade plum wine to traditionally crafted Sicilian Nero D'Avola, every wine is the result of chemical and biological reactions. The most important of these -- the conversion of sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide -- is performed by yeast. The sugar content of the unfermented juice is measured to determine potential alcohol. As yeast eats sugar in the unfermented juice, which is called "must," the sugar content drops until there is none left, or until the winemaker halts fermentation to leave residual sugar for sweetness. Throughout this process, the winemaker measures the sugar with a hydrometer, a glass instrument that measures liquid density

Instructions

        1

        Make a sanitizing solution by mixing 1 gallon of warm water, 1 tablespoon of citric acid and 3 tablespoons of potassium metabisulfite in a 1-gallon glass or plastic container. This will make enough sanitizing solution for 10 to 20 readings and will remain usable for more than a year, provided it is sealed when not in use.
        2

        Sanitize the hydrometer, wine thief, thermometer and glass cylinder. Then rinse them and place on a sanitary surface to dry. Make sure your hands are sanitary as well.

 3

Measure the temperature of the must by placing the thermometer in the must and allowing it to float for 5 minutes. Record the temperature and then set aside the thermometer.
4

Remove enough must to fill the glass cylinder. Then allow the hydrometer to float freely by placing the relief-valve end of the wine thief into the must and sucking the other end. Empty the wine thief into the glass cylinder by gently pressing the relief tab of the wine thief against the inside of the cylinder.
5

Place the large end of the hydrometer into the must in the glass cylinder. Twirl the hydrometer gently to release any clinging air bubbles. Gently release your grip on the hydrometer.
6

Allow the hydrometer to come to rest. Record the number on the hydrometer where the must meets the hydrometer. This number will be either a specific gravity reading (for example, 1.060), a degrees-Brix reading (15, for instance), or a potential alcohol reading (5 percent, for example). The specific gravity tells you the density of the liquid compared with pure water at 60 degrees Fahrenheit. The degrees-Brix reading tells you the percentage by weight of must that is sugar. The potential alcohol reading -- taken at the beginning of fermentation -- tells you what percentage of alcohol your wine will have if all the sugar is fermented out or converted to alcohol by yeast. These three readings can be converted to one another by using the Brix/Balling/Specific Gravity Chart (see the Resources section).
7

Remove the hydrometer from the glass cylinder and pour the must from the glass cylinder back into its original container or a glass for tasting.
8

Clean and sanitize the wine thief, glass cylinder, thermometer and hydrometer.


Tips & Warnings

    Most of the supplies you'll need are available at homebrew stores.

    Taste the must throughout the fermentation process to see how the wine is progressing.

    When the specific gravity reads 1.000 or below, all of the sugar has been converted to alcohol. The same holds true for 0 degrees Brix and 0 percent potential alcohol.

    Different yeast strains die out at different alcohol levels, so be sure to match the starting potential alcohol with the yeast's alcohol tolerance.

    About 1 percent of people are sensitive to sulfites used in the sanitizing solution. If you are among them, use a different sanitizing (not sterilizing) solution. Homebrew stores often have alternatives. (All wine contains sulfites, so if you drink wine, you will know if you are sensitive.)





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How to Use Diabetes Test Strips

How to Use Diabetes Test Strips

Diabetes is a disease that must be constantly and vigilantly monitored. Luckily, glucose monitoring machines have made this task so much easier by providing diabetics a quick and easy way to test their blood sugar without interrupting their day or bothering their doctor. Not only are these machines convenient, but the diabetes test strips are so easy to use they even make models for children.


Instructions

        1

        Gather all your supplies ahead of time. This would include the glucose monitoring machine, the diabetes test strips and the piercer.
        2

        Determine where you would like to perform the test. Most glucose machines suggest you use the fleshy tip of your finger, but some give you the option of using your forearm or leg.


 3

Wash your hands and the chosen test site thoroughly. Though this test is a regular part of your day, you'll still be creating a wound and you'll want to avoid any chance of infection.
4

Warm up the site area to increase blood flow. You can do this by rubbing the area or running it under warm water.
5

Turn on your glucose testing machine. It will tell you when it is ready with a beep.
6

Insert the diabetes test strip into the testing slot on the machine. Use only the insertion point marked for the test, which is usually located at the top end of the machine.
7

Wait for the ready light, reading or other indicator. It may take a few minutes for the machine to properly engage with the strip, and if you use the strip before this time you will get an incorrect reading.
8

Wipe the testing site with a rubbing alcohol prep pad or alcohol-soaked cotton ball.
9

Allow the alcohol to completely evaporate to avoid any contamination of the test.
10

Pierce the selected test site. You can press the area slightly below the wound to encourage a droplet of blood to form.
11

Apply the blood to the strip. You will want to review the instruction booklet of your particular glucose testing machine to find out which application method is correct for your machine. Some diabetes test strips require that you press the blood droplet to the strip, others ask you to allow the blood to drop onto the strip. Others still are designed to act like a straw and draw the blood up into the testing chamber by applying the tip to the blood.
12

Wait for your reader. Usually the machine will notify you of the reading with a beep or other sound.
13

Record your results. To maintain your health with diabetes, it is important that you keep track of your blood sugar readings in a journal or other book for easy reference.
14

Clean the test site again if necessary. You can even use a small band-aid if you are still bleeding.




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